Information Centric Networking ( Icn ) - 2566 Words

Abstract: Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is set to replace the current internet architecture which is based on end-to-end communication between hosts. The ICN approach to the network of the future has recently been and is being explored by a number of research projects from Europe and in the United States. This paper provides a review on four Information Centric Networking (ICN) architectures based on objects/contents naming, name Resolution and data routing.The review highlights and briefly describes the naming structures, operation of name resolution and data routing processes of DONA, PURSUIT, NetInf/MDHT and NDN. A summary in tabular form and a comparative study of different architectures is given. Keywords: ICN, Naming of ICN, Name Resolution and Data Routing of ICN. I. INTRODUCTION Information-centric networking (ICN) is the hot research topic in recent years, with various research initiatives like DONA [1], CCN/NDN [2][10][16] PSIRP/PURSUIT [3][4][8][11][12], 4WARD [13], CONVERGENCE[15], NetInf [9], SAIL[17],COMET [5–7][14]), MobilityFirst [18] and ANR Connect [19] targeting this emerging research area with the aim of shifting from the current Internet architecture which is built and designed for a host-to-host communications model. The Internet architecture today has experienced rapid growth in network traffic of which most of the traffics are characterized by the content retrieval applications running on top of the Internet architecture. The Internet hasShow MoreRelatedInformation Centric Network And Developing Channel Coding Solutions1367 Words   |  6 PagesContents: Project Overview 3 Background Reading 3-5 Information-Centric Network 3- Introduction 3 Information-Centric Network Components 3-4 ICN Naming scheme 3 ICN Routing and Forwarding 3-4 ICN Caching 4 Information-Centric Network Approaches 4 Network of information (NetInf) 4 Named Data Networking (NDN) 4 Publish-Subscribe Architecture 4 Summary of Different ICN Approaches 5 Channel Coding 5 References 6Read MoreHow The Dynamic Traffic Engineering Technique Can Choose Specific Paths Based774 Words   |  4 PagesOn the Benefit of Information Centric Networks for Traffic Engineering Please Write Your Name Here School of Electronics and Information Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China Please write your email Key Idea—This work proposed a resource allocation scheme that will describe how the dynamic traffic engineering technique can choose specific paths based upon selected content attributes, and compare this with a typical min-MLU (Minimum Link Utilization) trafficRead MoreA Novel Fault Tolerant Redundancy Policy3635 Words   |  15 PagesRedundancy Policy in Information Centric Network Article Type: SI:Fault Tolerant Comm Nets Abstract: Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a new emerging concept, in which the principal paradigm shifts from the traditional end-to-end connection to the information-centric communication model. The common characteristic of ICN is leveraging in-network caching by equipping all routers with storage to achieve efficient content distribution. The character of in-network caching makes the ICN architecture veryRead MoreRouting Scheme In Named Data Networks Essay3530 Words   |  15 Pagesrequested contents, as routers are unaware of the passing contents and might transmit the content through the same path multiple times. Named Data Network (NDN) architecture enables the routers to identify and cache the contents. NDN is a new information-centric networking architecture in which data or content is identified by a unique name and the content pieces are saved in cache of routers. As the source and destination addresses are not included in NDN packets, routers must forward Interest packet until

The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise On Short Term Memory Essay

The effects of aerobic exercise on short-term memory Blakemore (1988) defines memory as the ability to retain information from past experiences. According to a study done by Brown-Peterson, the average person’s short-term memory is 60% accurate (Gross et al., 2015). According to a research experiment, conducted by Stroth et al. (2011), a possible way of increasing memory is through aerobic exercise. Stroth et al. (2011), concluded that aerobic exercise improves the visual memory by 25%. According to a study done Leavitt et al. (2014), aerobic exercise can increase the volume of the hippocampus, which has been linked to memory formation and short-term memory, by 16.5 %. Previous studies have revealed that there is a causal relationship between aerobic exercise and memory; however, previous studies have not looked into ways that improve short-term memory (Holt et al., 2015). This study tests the hypothesis, that aerobic exercise has a positive correlation with short-term memory, and that 30 minutes of aerobic exercise can increase the accuracy of a person’s short-term memory by 10-20 %. Method Participants Participant included in this study were 24 university students (50% females), recruited from introductory psychology and health courses at Edith Cowan University. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 45 years (M= 30.95; SD= 8.60). The students volunteered when asked by the experimenters during class lectures. Materials memory-span procedure test, aerobicShow MoreRelatedChildhood Cognitive Development And Exercise1351 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Development and Exercise Monica Compton Dr. Laura McClelland Taylor University November 23, 2016 In current times everyone is constantly surrounded by old and new technology and people, especially children, are constantly using it. A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development talks about how the increased screen time that children are having is linked with lower levels of activity (Santrock, 2016). Activity levels during childhood and the effects it has on physical developmentRead MoreEffects Of The Normal Aging Process On The Brain995 Words   |  4 PagesSummary One of the side effects of the normal aging process on the brain is the dilapidation of cerebral white matter, which according to previous studies correlates to poorer cognitive functioning. This research experiment is an in-depth study of the neurological components of aging in terms of white matter integrity, working memory, and cognitive function in relation to aerobic exercise. A team of scientists from various universities conducted this exercise intervention study and it spans a twelve-monthRead MoreEssay about The Effect of Excersie on Mental Health1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Excersie on Mental Health I. Introduction A. Although most people know about the many physical benefits that result from consistent exercise: 1. More than 60% of adults do not achieve the recommended amount of physical activity. 2. In addition, 25% of all adults are not active at all B. This is disturbing, not only because so many people are missing out on the physical benefits that result from exercise, but on the mental benefits that result from exercise as well Read MoreThe Effects Of Physical Exercise On Brain Health1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Mental Exercise and Physical Exercise on Brain Health Physical exercise does not only promote physical appearance and the body’s health, it also promotes brain health. The brain is a dynamic organ that replaces and repairs neurons throughout life. When people engage in exercise, rarely do they think about the potential affects it has on their brain. People that work out utilize various amounts of motor skills that have been acquired gradually through practice. Those utilized motorRead MoreEffects Of Exercise On Brain Health1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthe associated healthcare costs (Australian Government Productivity Commission [AGPC], 2013). Physical exercise is known to be crucial in maintaining physiological health; it can also be used as a means of neuroprotection and assist in modifiable risk factors for improved brain health and subsequent cognitive function. This review will critically analyse current research into the effects of exercise on brain health and what neuroprotective mechanisms can be implemented to preserve cog nitive functionRead MoreThe Brain That Changes Itself : Stories Of Personal Triumph From The Frontiers Of Brain Science1653 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences from people that received help through neuroplasticity exercises. Each story describes how the brain is able to readjust itself. Brain plasticity can physically modify the brain by uncovering rewarding and tragic experiences. Changes in the brain can also occur as we age. Throughout the reading I learned several knowledgeable facts I did not know before. Some being the transcription and template functions, and the effects memory and learning have on the transformation of the brain over timeRead MoreExercise And Cognitive Function : Exercise3047 Words   |  13 PagesExercise and Cognitive Function 1 Media Critique: Does Exercise Increase Cognitive Function? HPS 3790 Fitness Programs for Children, Adolescents, and Adults Matthew Trujillo 11/8/16 Most of the time when exercise is being performed, it is perceived that there is a need or want to become healthy, or stay healthy. When the word healthy comes to mind the first instinct is to think of the health of the body; to lose weight, tone the muscles, increase strength. Today there is a big focusRead MoreExercise Physiology And Training Programs1697 Words   |  7 PagesExercise Physiology and Training Programs. Research Report The contents included in this report will outline; the meaning of fitness, components of fitness, measurements and evaluation of physical performance capacities, the three energy systems, oxygen consumption and delivery, training methods and training principles. 2â€Æ' Table of contents Contents Table of contents 1 Part A 2 Introduction 2 Part B 2 Touch analysis 2 Part C 3 Fitness components and energy systems 3 Part D 3 Process andRead MoreThe Effects of Exercise on Health Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Exercise on Health Exercise may be a matter of choice for the normal weight young person who has never had to diet, but for people who are trying to lose weight for life, those who are aging, have risk Factors for or have osteoporosis, are at high risk for cardiovascular disease or diabetes and those who would just like to continue their years with life in them, It is a necessity. If people lose weight through dieting alone it means that twenty to fifty percent of theRead MoreThe Many Benefits of Exercise Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesyour day, you have the opportunity to enhance your health. Having a morning impulse to exercise along with a weekly routine is one of the best investments we can make in ourselves. I completely agree in the great gratification received after exercising; especially knowing the benefits it has over ones mind and body. We should not be oblivious to any programs or recommendations that belittled the need to exercise. An example of this can be the claims made by weight loss products. The partisan endorsements

Market Leadership Operations Performance

Question: Critically evaluate methods of planning and organising efficient operations and networking? Analyse the problems of controlling component activities and of controlling quality.? Answer: Introduction Overview of the Organisation Starbucks Corporation is globally recognised as a coffee company, which is operating its operations in the coffee house industry. The company was established in the year of 1971 in the local market of US. Over the years, the company has operated its business operations as a largest coffeehouse company amid the globe. In order to highlight market share and current business position within the globe, it can be stated that Starbucks has provided its coffee house services towards 65 countries around the globe. In this context, more specifically it can be argued that Starbucks has more than 12,000 coffee shops in US, whereas the company has also expanded its business in China, Canada, Japan and UK market amid the globe. Similarly, in order to highlight the services of Starbucks, it can be argued that the company usually offer hot and cold beverages to its customers such as coffee and tea. At the same time, Starbucks also serve few more food product services such as pastries, snacks, frapp uccino beverages and smoothies among others. According to the annual report of Starbucks Corporation (2013), it is identified that the company is a public limited company, which is enlisted in the New York stock exchange market under the index NASDAQ: SBUX. Simultaneously, in order to identify the current employment of the organisation, it is identified that more than 191,000 people are working with Starbucks for executing the operations and ensuring the services to its customers. Objectives of the Assignment This particular assignment intended to identify the potential factors that may influence the decision of an organisation in terms of outsourcing as well as kept in-house services. Moreover, the study has intended to identify and analyse the five performance objectives of the Starbucks, which may influence the decision making strategy of the organisation. Additionally, this particular study will aim to identify the involvement of risk during the decision making process, which may hamper the performance/ operations of the organisation. At the same time, the study will also try to identify the potential aspects through which it will be possible to mitigate the risk involvement during the strategic decision making. Review of Literature Importance and Scope of Operations Management In order to highlight the role of an operations manager, it can be claim that an operations manager should concentrate towards certain aspects, which may assist the organisation to ensure its position in the operating market through enhancing the business capability and business efficiency of the organisation. In this context, more specifically it can be mentioned that through emphasising towards products, services and process an organisation may enhance the efficiency of its operations functions. At the same time, it can be also argued that through emphasising towards understanding strategic objectives and by developing strategy through concentrating towards planning and controlling related aspects an organisation may improve the performance of operations (Tomar and Reeves, 2009). According to the viewpoint of Troaca and Bodislav (2012), the term outsourcing signifies a specific process through which global organisations may transfer their goods and/ or services to the external country/ party for executing the operations for that specific goods and/ services in a significant manner. On the other hand, kept in-house process signifies a specific procedure, which is usually used by the organisations to execute its own operations within the own guidance. Strategic Analysis During the mid 20th century, the trend of strategy involvement has been introduced in the business for the first time. In order to identify the involvement of strategy for implementing the operations of an organisation, it is identified that enhancing the business outcome as well as efficiency was the prime intention. At the same time, strategy involvement also assisted an organisation to ensure its long-term sustainability within the operating marketplace. Moreover, through incorporating strategy during the execution of operations, an organisation may fulfil the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. Additionally, it can be also claimed that through emphasising towards the strategic involvement, an organisation may formulate better decisions for its business operations. According to the viewpoint of Tomar and Reeves (2009), an organisation may adopt different kind of strategies for enhancing its operational efficiency in terms of decision making those are illustrated below: Corporate Level Strategy The corporate level strategy is usually incorporated by the organisations with an intention of ensuring the long-term direction in the business. Through concentrating towards corporate level strategy an organisation may certify the utmost utilisation of its resources. At the same time, corporate level strategy is also adopted by the organisations to comprise more than one business operations at a time. Starbucks has only one business unit, but the organisation has its coffee house in different locations of the globe. Thus it can be stated that through incorporating corporate level strategy, Starbucks may establish a positive business relation with its stakeholders in the different geographical location of the globe. Moreover, adoption of corporate level strategy also may help an organisation to certify its mission and vision (Pearlstein, 2010). Business Level Strategy Simultaneously, through incorporating business level strategy an organisation may reduce its internal as well as external challenges. At the same time, business level strategy also helps an organisation to enhance its business efficiency and competencies during the execution of operations. The Starbucks has varied range of products and/ or services within the globe. Thus, it can be claimed that through incorporating business level strategy Starbucks may reduce its internal as well as external challenges during executing the business operations (Borowik, 2010). Functional Level Strategy Consequently, functional level strategy is recognised as one of the most crucial aspects, which may assist an organisation to execute its marketing, finance and production related functions in more significant manner. At the same time, through the adoption of functional strategy, Starbucks may attain the predetermined objectives of the organisation. Moreover, through incorporating functional strategy Starbucks may enhance its operational efficiency during providing its extended services (Chevalier, 2010). Operations and Strategy Based on the report of ACCA (2015), operations and strategy are considered as one of the key factors, which may ensure the survival of an organisation in a competitive business environment. At the same time, adequate operations and strategy may assist an organisation to ensure its growth in the operating marketplace. In this context, more specifically it can be claimed that through concentrating towards the operations and strategy related aspects Starbucks can improve its efficiency in terms of strategic decision making related aspects. At the same time, through emphasising towards operations and strategy, Starbucks may enhance the utilisation of its resources, which will also assist to improve outcome of the organisation (Hauglie, 2010). Thus, five operations performance objectives are analysed and discussed below for better understanding the operations of Starbucks. Cost With an aim of highlight the operations performance objectives, it can be stated that large numbers of global organisations emphasise towards cost with an intention of reducing the waste of the organisation. In this regard, through concentrating cost, Starbucks also tried to enhance the efficiency of the organisation by ensuring the utmost utilization of its resources and by enhancing the overall outcome of the organisation (Kim and Hahn, 2010). Quality Similarly, quality is also considered as essential factor for an organisation, which helps to attract the attention of the consumers. In this regard, more specifically it can be argued that Starbucks has emphasised towards quality related aspects with an aim of enhancing the quality products and services, which may lead an organisation to gain better competitive advantage in the operating marketplace (Langdon, 2010). Speed Consequently, for ensuring the growth of an organisation, it is required to concentrate towards the speed of execution of operation related aspects. In this context, it can be argued that speed of execution usually assist an organisation to meet the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. Thus, Starbucks has paid its utmost attention towards speed of execution for making better strategic decisions, which may lead an organisation long-term success for the future (Liu and Mance, 2009). Dependability Similarly, through enhancing the potential of dependability an organisation may fulfil the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. Moreover, grater dependability may lead an organisation better efficiency of delivering products and services to its customers. In this context, it can be argued that Starbucks has enhanced its level of dependability by enhancing the range of product and services (Marques, 2008). Flexibility Additionally, greater flexibility can lead an organisation to make better strategic decisions. Through emphasising towards the flexibility an organisation also may enhance the quality as well as efficiency of its operations. In this context, more accurately, it can be argued that Starbucks has emphasised towards flexibility related aspects with an intention of changing its production, procedure, services related decisions of the business, which may enhance competitive advantages for the organisation and it may also influence business performance in a positive manner (Pearlstein, 2010). Analysis of Outsourced and Kept in-house Services of BP Based on the evidences of the above discussion, it is identified that Starbucks has enhance its competitive advantages within the operating marketplace through emphasising towards five operations performance objectives. In this context, more specifically it can be argued that through concentrating on five operations performance objectives, it is also possible to identify the appropriate strategic decisions for the organisation in terms of its outsourced as well as kept in-house products (Phillips and Phillips, 2010). At the same time, for ensuring the business excellence, an organisation may incorporate outsource and kept in-house related strategic decisions, which may maximize the overall business performance in terms of outcome. On the other hand, through incorporation of outsource and kept in-house related strategic decisions an organisation may enhance its business competencies (Langdon, 2010). Thus, based on the above discussion it can be recommended that Starbucks should incorporate outsourcing procedure for its coffee house related products and services, which may mitigating risk involvement for the organisation. At the same time, adoption of outsourcing procedure may assist the organisation to enhance the quality of the products through utilizing knowledgeable and experience workforce. Apart from this, adoption of outsourcing procedure may ensure the supply procurement of its products and services to the entire globe (Villachica and Stepich, 2010). Evaluation of Risk Involvement Based on the evidence, it is recognised that an organisation may witness several challenges during its operations due to its poor strategic decision-making process. At the same time, lack of strategic involvement may influence may hamper the operational efficiency of an organisation. Similarly, poor practice of operations performance objectives may lead challenges for an organisation it terms of its outsourced as well as kept in-house service related aspects, which may hamper sustainability and profitability of an organisation within the competitive marketplace (Villachica and Stepich, 2010). Recommendation for Mitigate Risk Involvement With an aim of mitigating risk involvement during the outsourcing as well as kept in-house process, Starbucks will need to emphasise towards certain aspects, which may ensure the efficient as well as appropriate procurement of its outsourcing and kept in-house process. Moreover, Starbucks should incorporate five operations performance based objectives, which may ensure the operations of the organisation in terms of its outsourced as well as kept in-house services (Troaca and Bodislav, 2012). Conclusion Based on the evidences of this particular study, it is revealed that Starbucks has maintained its market leadership through emphasising towards the five operations performance based objectives. At the same time, the organisation has enhanced its business competencies by emphasising towards making better strategic decisions. Thus, in order to conclude the topic, it can be argued that through concentrating on outsource and kept in-house process related decisions, the organisation may enhance its profitability and growth for the future. Reference List Borowik, I. 2010. Why Has Religiosity in Poland not Changed since 1989? Five Hypotheses. Politics and Religion, 3(02), pp.262-275. Chevalier, R. 2010. Gap analysis revisited. Performance Improvement, 49(7), pp.5-7. Hauglie, C. 2010. From photographs to teaming. Performance Improvement, 49(4), pp.5-7. Kim, K. and Hank, K. 2010. Issues and Challenges for Secondary School Economics Education in South Korea: implications from five events since 2004. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 9(1), p.60. Langdon, D. 2010. Mind the performance. Performance Improvement, 49(8), pp.7-13. Liu, T. and Mance, I. 2009. The spatial gradient of the spread of feature-based attention. Journal of Vision, 9(8), pp.145-145. Marques, J. 2008. The five steps toward Awakened Leadership. Performance Improvement, 47(7), pp.20-23. Pearlstein, R. 2010. Reactions to rant. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 23(3), pp.3-4. Phillips, J. and Phillips, P. 2010. The power of objectives: Moving beyond learning objectives. Performance Improvement, 49(6), pp.17-24. Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011. Starbucks Company Timeline. Assets, pp. 1-2. Starbucks Corporation, 2013. Fiscal 2013 Annual Report. Form 10-K, pp.1-100. Tomar, S. and Reeves, A. 2009. Changes in the Oral Health of US Children and Adolescents and Dental Public Health Infrastructure Since the Release of the Healthy People 2010 Objectives. Academic Pediatrics, 9(6), pp.388-395. Troaca, V., and Bodislav, D., 2012. Outsourcing the Concept. Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume 15(6), pp. 51-58. Villachica, S. and Stepich, D. 2010. Surviving troubled times: Five best practices for training professionals. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 23(2), pp.93-115.

Venus Essays - Venus, Magellan, Corona, Maxwell Montes, Volcano

Venus Venus, the jewel of the sky, was once know by ancient astronomers as the morning star and evening star. Early astronomers once thought Venus to be two separate bodies. Venus, which is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty, is veiled by thick swirling cloud cover. Astronomers refer to Venus as Earth's sister planet. Both are similar in size, mass, density and volume. Both formed about the same time and condensed out of the same nebula. However, during the last few years scientists have found that the kinship ends here. Venus is very different from the Earth. It has no oceans and is surrounded by a heavy atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide with virtually no water vapor. Its clouds are composed of sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, the atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of the Earth's at sea-level. Venus is scorched with a surface temperature of about 482? C (900? F). This high temperature is primarily due to a runaway greenhouse effect caused by the heavy atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the planet. Heat is radiated out, but is trapped by the dense atmosphere and not allowed to escape into space. This makes Venus hotter than Mercury. A Venusian day is 243 Earth days and is longer than its year of 225 days. Oddly, Venus rotates from east to west. To an observer on Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east. Until just recently, Venus' dense cloud cover has prevented scientists from uncovering the geological nature of the surface. Developments in radar telescopes and radar imaging systems orbiting the planet have made it possible to see through the cloud deck to the surface below. Four of the most successful missions in revealing the Venusian surface are NASA's Pioneer Venus mission (1978), the Soviet Union's Venera 15 and 16 missions (1983-1984), and NASA's Magellan radar mapping mission (1990-1994). As these spacecraft began mapping the planet a new picture of Venus emerged. Venus' surface is relatively young geologically speaking. It appears to have been completely resurfaced 300 to 500 million years ago. Scientists debate how and why this occurred. The Venusian topography consists of vast plains covered by lava flows and mountain or highland regions deformed by geological activity. Maxwell Montes in Ishtar Terra is the highest peak on Venus. The Aphrodite Terra highlands extend almost half way around the equator. Magellan images of highland regions above 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) are unusually bright, characteristic of moist soil. However, liquid water does not exist on the surface and cannot account for the bright highlands. One theory suggests that the bright material might be composed of metallic compounds. Studies have shown the material might be iron pyrite (also know as fools gold). It is unstable on the plains but would be stable in the highlands. The material could also be some type of exotic material which would give the same results but at lower concentrations. Venus is scarred by numerous impact craters distrubuted randomly over its surface. Small craters less that 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) are almost non-existent due to the heavy Venusian atmosphere. The exception occurs when large meteorites shatter just before impact, creating crater clusters. Volcanoes and volcanic features are even more numerous. At least 85% of the Venusian surface is covered with volcanic rock. Hugh lava flows, extending for hundreds of kilometers, have flooded the lowlands creating vast plains. More than 100,000 small shield volcanoes dot the surface along with hundreds of large volcanos. Flows from volcanos have produced long sinuous channels extending for hundreds of kilometers, with one extending nearly 7,000 kilometers (4,300 miles). Giant calderas more than 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter are found on Venus. Terrestrial calderas are usually only several kilometers in diameter. Several features unique to Venus include coronae and arachnoids. Coronae are large circular to oval features, encircled with cliffs and are hundreds of kilometers across. They are thought to be the surface expression of mantle upwelling. Archnoids are circular to elongated features similar to coronae. They may have been caused by molten rock seeping into surface fractures and producing systems of radiating dikes and fractures. Science Essays

Nuclear Technology essays

Nuclear Technology essays The use of nuclear technology for civilian and military use is a highly controversial issue. Most people argue that nuclear technology is bad. However, they do not analyze how nuclear technology can be a good thing. To me, the advantages of nuclear technology out way the disadvantages. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages makes it easy to see how nuclear technology is the way forward. Even though nuclear proliferation and terrorists are serious threats, nuclear technology is good for civilian uses in that it produces high yields of environmentally friendly electricity and it is good for military uses in that it maintains a power balance and prevents countries from going to war. As the human population grows and more advances are made in technology, our energy demand rises greatly. To meet these energy demands, large amounts resources are used. Most of these resources are fossil fuels. Hydropower, wind power and other environmentally friendly techniques of producing power have great economic and environmental advantages but these techniques are rare. The reason is because these techniques require a great amount of technology and are very expensive. Also the yields of electricity from these techniques are much lower than that of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are abundant these days and are widely available. Producing electricity using fossil fuels also requires little technology and are not so expensive. This is why they are widely used. However, the fossil fuels contribute greatly to pollution. Pollution is a big issue now because it poses a threat to us as it causes global warming and a greenhouse effect that is harmful to us. Therefore, environmentally frie ndly techniques of producing electricity are the alternative. What would be the ideal source of energy is something that does not pollute the environment, is cost effective and produces a high yield of energy. The closest to these criteria is nuclear technolog...

4 Types of Reference Books You Didnt Know You Need

4 Types of Reference Books You Didnt Know You Need 4 Types of Reference Books You Didn’t Know You Need 4 Types of Reference Books You Didn’t Know You Need By Mark Nichol OK, it’s time to conduct an inventory of your reference library to ensure that you have a comprehensive collection at hand. Dictionary? Check. Thesaurus? Mm-hmm. Compendium of famous quotations? Right. Visual dictionary? (Silence.) You’re telling me you don’t have a visual dictionary? Before you get too self-conscious, I’ll let you off the hook: You don’t have to own your own visual dictionary. But you should know where to find this type of resource, and three others, at your local library, or you simply must do some online research and see what electronic simulacra you can discover. 1. Visual Dictionaries The four books listed here are all superior guides to the names of physical objects and their components. Does a scene in your novel require you to distinguish the parts of a plane? Do you need to know the difference in home construction between a rafter and a joist? What is the base of a horse’s neck called? A visual dictionary knows all: The Macmillan Visual Dictionary, Jean-Claude Corbeil Merriam-Webster’s Visual Dictionary, Merriam-Webster What’s What: A Visual Glossary of the Physical World, Reginald Bragonier Jr. Ultimate Visual Dictionary, DK Publishing 2. Guides to Symbolism These five volumes, and others, will enlighten you about the religious, mythological, and folkloric significance of symbols. Perhaps you want to strew visual metaphors throughout your novel. Or you want to avoid cliched occult symbols in your supernatural thriller, and want to find something unusual. Or you want to make sure your medieval mystery accurately describes a cross without anachronistic errors. Follow the signs to these sources about symbology: An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, by J. C. Cooper Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them, Hans Biedermann 1,001 Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning, Jack Tresidder The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, Jean Chevalier Reverse Symbolism Dictionary: Symbols Listed by Subject, Steven Olderr 3. Guides to Hierarchies Do you know the order of succession among Cabinet officials in the United States in case the president, vice president, and Speaker of the House are all incapacitated? Is a battalion bigger, or smaller, than a regiment? What’s higher up the taxonomic scale a phylum, or a family? The Order of Things: How Everything in the World Is Organized into Hierarchies, Structures, and Pecking Orders, Barbara Ann Kipfer, will set you straight. 4. Reverse Dictionaries Flip Dictionary, Barbara Ann Kipfer, is the best of the class of reference books known as reverse dictionaries, for when you know how to describe something but can’t think of the word. One of the qualities that set it apart is the numerous charts and tables that group things by subject. The Describer’s Dictionary: A Treasury of Terms Literary Quotations, David Grambs, is a similar work that’ll help you transfer a word from the tip of your tongue to paper or the computer screen. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Honorary vs. Honourary

Landscape Painting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Landscape Painting - Assignment Example Thus romanticism style of art involved exotic, more authentic, familiar and distant modes in harnessing imagination power as portrayed in landscape paintings that were prepared during this period. Romanticism went beyond the confines of population, industrialization unlike it preceding periods, the classical period and medievalism. In fact, romanticism exalted subjectivism, imagination, irrationalism and individualism. The art was highly characterized and influenced by artists’ fascination by their passions, nature, their moods, their mental potentials and the heroes. On the other hand, the Impressionism movement thrived in France between late 1860s and 1890s. This movement was inclined to optical realism since it sought to relate art to visual experience and the effect of light on appearance of various objects. The form of art in impressionism involved transcription of the artists’ visual sensation towards nature, which was unconcerned with the actual depiction of the objects. The main ideas of impressionism were, a quick painting of a landscape could depict it actual physical appearance and that art is promoted by a naà ¯ve vision, free from influence by intellectual preconceptions which were realist traditions and naturalist traditions. In comparison, the romanticism form and style of art applied to landscape paintings is distinguishable from the impression form art employed in landscape painting. This is evident from a keen observation of the following paintings, soleil levant by Claude Monet.

Operational Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operational Management Report - Essay Example In the fashion world customers needs have changed and they are looking to get new styles and fashions in the market at frequent rates. The supply chain management in the fast fashion business deals with the movement of goods from the suppliers where the raw material is originated to the end customer who consumes the particular end product. In this fashion world there is a he competition among the companies for coming up with new styles and also in quick time. Thus agility in the whole operation process is a very important factor which helps the company to respond quickly to the changing demand of the customers. In 1975, Inditex a Spanish group which was been owned by Amancio Ortega established Zara as a fashion label and value chain store. In the last two decades Zara has grown in huge numbers and its profit has gone up by three times and has become the third largest fashion retail store in world. The other brands which Inditex has are Uterque, Oysho, Zara Home, Bershka, Pull and Bear, Zara kinds, Stradivarius and Massimo Dutti. Zara has around 300 designers in its headquarters in Spain where approximately 40,000 designs are made from where only 10,000 designs are selected for production. By Dec 2010, Inditex had approximately 5000 stores worldwide becoming the worldwide leader in fast fashion chain network. Zara has a strategy of maintaining a policy of generating a huge variety of products every year. Zara being n the fashion business and being the worldwide leader in 5this business the overall operations process including the supply chain management, design process, production process and procurement is very efficient and also agile. Each of the process included in the overall operations management process is been discussed below one after the other. Zara has a huge number of faculties and a huge infrastructure. The company reaches to its target market and the customers by

Cases in Financial Management Essay Example for Free

Cases in Financial Management Essay Case Synopsis Founded in 1984 Laurentian Bakeries Inc. operates in the industry of manufacturing a vast variety of frozen baked products within their three operating plants in Montreal, Winnipeg and Toronto. The operating plants produce items such as frozen pizza in Winnipeg, MB, pies in Montreal, QC and Cakes in Toronto, ON- with each representing 30%, 30% and 40% of the total revenue stream respectively. The buyers for this company include large institutional clients such domino’s pizza, etc. which have a significantly higher level of power whereas the seller of the products consists of several food producers which have a relatively low level of power. With the cost of setting up a plant of this scale being high, substitute products will also remain high in the market causing the overall profit margin to be low. With the company’s ongoing effort for continuous improvement Danielle Knowles (VP of operations) proposed to expand one of the operating plants in Winnipeg-which was based on the opportunity if the company expanded into the U.S. market. Statement The statement of the problem is how Danielle Knowles will prepare a capital project expenditure proposal to expand the company’s frozen pizza plant in Winnipeg; which is consistent and in line with the company’s capital allocation policy. The proposal should also satisfy the company’s continuous effort for improvement, identification of lost opportunities, satisfaction of HR and environmental impacts and provide sufficient ROI. Situational Analysis The strengths of the company are clearly visible through the company’s effective operations and reputable image in the industry. Being one of the top five in the industry, Laurentian Bakeries has established themselves as a dominant player in the market; however, with a shortage in capacity it can  potentially overpower the strengths due to its negative impact on the company. This includes a decrease in sales and potential decreases in retailer support. Nevertheless, with the acknowledgement of a capacity shortage and an opportunity to expand and grow in the U.S. market the company seems to be in good standing. Moving aside to a different area amongst the competition, all the products are similar which indicate there is heavy competition. The presence of numerous suppliers makes this industry highly competitive, as a result, there is high aggression amongst competitors. This is a leading factor that indicates this is not an attractive business to be in. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths * Danielle Knowles has experience in the food industry for 13 years. This is a great benefit for the company, because she is able to use her knowledge and experience and apply it for Laurentian Bakeries in order to improve operations or even avoid errors. This in return can potentially save the company from incurring additional expenses. * Danielle has her Master’s in Business Administration which indicates that she is educated and has the credentials to maintain her position as the VP of operations. Also, Danielle is able to use that knowledge and apply it to everyday operations of the company. * Laurentian has above average consideration for human resource and environmental impacts. This benefits the company to the extent that it creates a public awareness which shows their commitment to the community which in return can potentially be used as a marketing tool to attract more sales. * Laurentian company is one of the five large firms that produce frozen foods dominating 21% of the market. This indicates that they are a dominant player in the market and have survived many difficulties from various competitions. * Well established and profitable company which indicates that they have survived one full economic cycle and have withstood their competition. * The company has a diversified revenue stream with three operating plants located in major cities which are not as risky as a single revenue stream. * All three segments are profitable. * Low cost pizza producer which is helping to expand into the US. Market. * Laurentian Bakeries has an integrated workforce such as sales, marketing, etc. for all of their operating plants. Weakness * Shortage of capacity. If this weakness is not dealt with the company can face losses in their sales because of the shortage. This in return lowers the overall profit of the company and can potentially decrease buyers if they cannot meet the demand due to the shortage. * Class 1 products are too risky and by taking such a great risk any wrong doing can have a negative impact on the company. Opportunities * Arrangement to supply large U.S. based grocery chain with private label brand. If the opportunity is taken to its advantage the company can potentially see higher figures in sales and profits. * Since U.S. pizza consumption is 3x bigger than the Canadian segment the overall US market is bigger which can potentially lead to a higher market share. * Within N.A. the economy is recovering modestly and is expected to grow. This indicates that consumer spending on discretionary items such as food products will remain strong. Threats * Inflation is forecasted to remain between 3-5%. This may cause interest rates to rise causing the cost of capital to increase higher than its current level. Capital projects such as expansion may suffer. * North American growth rate of gross domestic product slowed down which may lower the company sales. * Threat of new entrants will increase competition and is always a factor that makes the sales aggressive. * Health Conscious consumers will potentially affect sales due to the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries are considered â€Å"unhealthy.† With on-going health awareness the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries might not meet the changing demand of consumers. Porter’s Five Forces Buyer’s Power * Mixed Power. * There are two types of buyers: large institutional buyers such as  domino’s pizza pizza pizza as well as large retailers. Thousands of smaller clients have less power because of their current low clientele base. Supplier Power * Low Power. * Pizza suppliers distribute production to pizza stores, restaurants and grocery chain stores. Since there are numerous suppliers in the market for ingredients such as cheese, flour, vegetables, etc. they have low power. Barriers to Entrant * High * Due to high capital costs, skilled workforces, environmental regulations, high distribution channels, entry into this industry is high. Threat of Substitute * High * The products offered by Laurentian such as their Pizza can be made at home or even purchased fresh from fast food restaurants. Also they can easily be substituted for other products such as calzone, sandwiches, tacos, etc. Competition * High * There is high competition for the items offered by Laurentian Bakers. Competition for their pizza baked items can easily be substituted through franchised restaurants such as Pizza Pizza, Boston Pizza, Pizza Hut, etc. also competition is high through other companies offering the same goods. In addition, this company is also competing against other food products rather than frozen pizza alone. Financial Analysis Financial Summary: Laurentian Bakeries is seeing a cash increase from $6.2 million in 1993 to almost double its value of $13.1 million in 1995. At the same time long term debt for the company has increased by $7.23 million which indicated that Laurentian Bakeries is funded by its long term debt and has not utilized its cash and therefore has incurred additional interest expenses. Moving over to the sales figures, Laurentian Bakeries has seen an increase of 11% from 1993-95; however, net income is flat which indicates that their COGS and operating expenses have also risen almost at the same pace as sales. This setback has no advantage to the shareholders. Alternatives 1. Continue original plans to continue expansion in Winnipeg. 2. Build a plant in U.S. to cater to that market. 3. Buy an existing plant. 4. Expand the Toronto plant as it is the strongest plant for the company. Recommendations By carefully analyzing all the alternatives, we recommend alternative one as the best fit solution to this company due to it being most practical at the company’s current situation. We strongly believe that continuing original plans to expand in Winnipeg is the beneficial solution for the company as they already produce the same type of products and have the additional land to carry forward the expansion, because this plant is a low cost producer and is ideal to utilize the U.S private label sector. In addition, this alternative is beneficial because it is consistent with the company’s overall objectives. Given the discount rate of 18% and a $5.2 million capital investment the NPV of the expected cash flow is positive. Moreover, recommendation one is the best suited for this company because: * There is land readily available in Winnipeg. This can save the company some money in terms of the expansion because these will incur less of an expense due to Laurentian owning the extra land space. * Building a plant in U.S. will require a lot of capital, additional expenses for hiring, training, etc., and potential change in production, management or other techniques due to different regulations in U.S. * Expanding in Toronto will also require additional capital and additional time to hire and train the workforce to produce the pizza products which aren’t produced in the Toronto facility.

Free Essay on Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide - Mother Teresa :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Mother Teresa's Little Sisters and Euthanasia In this essay we see Mother Teresa of Calcutta's Little Sisters of the Poor responding to the Europena Parliament's pro-euthanasia measure. In their response is found an insight into death which the Western world lacks. The Little Sisters are knowledgeable from personal experience with the many whom they have seen die. They are also firmly rooted in a strong religious tradition. Both of these considerations make their advice the very best one can hear in the euthanasia debate. "How can the Little Sisters of the Poor, in the service of the elderly, not be concerned about the passing of the principle of euthanasia by a Commission in the European Parliament? We feel that the confusion caused by the text pertaining to the use of extraordinary means to prolong life, palliative care and euthanasia can easily mislead an uninformed public. Yet behind these extremely complicated phrases, the thought is clear: to give doctors the right to satisfy the request for euthanasia, that is to say, to take a person's life. Human dignity does not consist in being able to choose the time of one's death, but in being aware of the fact that one's basic right is the right of respect for life, of respect for human dignity"(Little) The Little Sisters have 150 years of experience in accompanying the elderly up until the end of their lives, and by this experience they are authorized to make known to the public what they have seen and learned. Since their foundation, 17,080 Little Sisters have lived with the dying, and today they are in 30 countries on six continents, with 74 homes in France and Belgium, First World nations. So the dear sisters have expertise with the dying of both the Third World and our world. Making the elderly happy, that is what counts!" Mother Teresa used to say, encouraging the Little Sisters to attain this goal by employing means adapted to each person, to his/her possibilities, tastes, past life, health, etc. Making the elderly happy means believing in the value of their life, and the Little Sisters are witnesses of the extraordinary resources of the elderly. Having a center of interest, doing something they like to do, feeling useful, being able to take initiatives, to communicate, to form friendships, maintaining a facilitated relationship with the family, having contacts with youth: these are factors which provide joy and happiness.

Origin of Narcocorridos

In the book, â€Å"The Handbook of Texas† Dan Dickey writes that in the late 1940’s and 1950’s when â€Å"Tex-Mex† music became commercialized, so did the Music called â€Å"corridos†. Back then it became popular to hear songs about drug smuggling and violence. Music from the genre corridos which was about drugs and drug smuggling was called narcocorrido, which some would say is â€Å"Mexico’s style of gangsta rap†. An excellent example of narcocorrido would be â€Å"El Avion de la Muerte† (The Plane of Death) performed by Los Tigres del Norte, which is arguably one of the most popular corridos bands in history. Los Tigres del Norte have written and performed many songs throughout their career. This famous Mexican band started in 1968 and was made up of three brothers (Jorge, Raul and Hernan Hernandez) and their cousin (Oscar Lara). They started to play their grandparents’ instruments in bars, and like thousands of immigrants they crossed the border to make it in America. Their first hit came in 1970 and was a song about two rival drug dealers. However, in 1972, their song â€Å"Contrabando y Traicion† (â€Å"Contraband and Betrayal†) became a topic of controversy. Not only was it about drug smuggling but how a woman killed a man before he could abandon her. Why would the act of murder committed by a woman spark such controversy? Bataille’s tells us that, â€Å"Such a divinely violent manifestation of violence elevates the victim above the humdrum world where men live out their calculated lives. To the primitive consciousness, death can only be the result of an offence, a failure to obey† (Bataille, 82). Even before Los Tigres del Norte, there was Rosalino â€Å"Chalino† Sanchez, a renegade artist from Sinaloa, a state in the north of Mexico that is well known for its abundant marijuana fields. Hodgson writes, â€Å"When he was 15, Sanchez shot and killed a man who had raped his sister, and fled to California, where for a while he worked as a ‘coyote', smuggling illegal immigrants and drugs across the border. Only when he was arrested, and spent nearly a year in Tijuana prison, did he discover his skill at song writing. He began composing corridos for fellow inmates, and once outside, found his skills in demand from both dealers and legitimate immigrants. † While not the best singer, his incredible lyricism built his reputation quickly. Having earned his street credibility in jail, he soon afterwards was contacted by famous Mexican drug lords who would commission him to write songs about them and their criminal exploits. To shed some light on this fascination with death, we can turn to writer Margaret Atwood in her book Negotiating with the Dead: â€Å"All writing of the narrative kind, and perhaps all writing, is motivated, deep down, by a fear of and a fascination with mortality — by a desire to make the risky trip to the Underworld, and to bring something or someone back from the dead† (157). Chalino, in this way, had a sought-after ability to immortalize the Mexican drug lords. Chalino, himself, portrayed the brave image of the Mexican cowboy. After dealing with the narcotraf icantes, he acquired both powerful friends and enemies. According to an informer that talked to Martin Hodgson, â€Å"The cartels used the group’s music to lay out a code of conduct for its members: ‘Through the corridos comes the philosophy, how the members of the cartel have to behave. If you listen carefully, the songs tell you what they did wrong. You learn what you have to do so they don’t kill you. ’† At the same time, the death drug-lords became heroes through corridos. Some enjoyed their hero status while still alive, but most of them earned it after death. This returns us again to Becker’s introduction to Human Nature and the Heroic in his book The Denial of Death. He explains, â€Å"†¦ [T]he problem of heroics is the central one of human life, †¦ it goes deeper into human nature than anything else because it is based on organismic narcissism and on the child’s need for self-esteem as the condition of human life. Society itself is a codified hero system, which means that society everywhere is a living myth of the significance of human life, a defiant creation of meaning. † Hence, by commissioning corridistas to write about them, narcotraficantes could satisfy that narcissism and become heroes in their own right.

Florence Nightingale Essay

The Polar Area Diagrams of Florence Nightingale If you read the article on Florence Nightingale in â€Å"The Children’s Book of Famous Lives†1 you will not learn that she had to battle with her parents to be allowed to study Mathematics. If you read the Ladybird book â€Å"Florence Nightingale†2 you will not discover that she was the first woman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. In looking around for an area of research I was intrigued to discover that Florence Nightingale, who I always thought of as the â€Å"lady with the lamp†, was a competent Mathematician who created her own type of statistical diagram which she used to save thousands of soldiers from needless death. Florence Nightingale headed a group of 38 nurses who went to clean up the hospitals for the British soldiers in the Crimea in 1854. She found that most of the deaths were due to diseases which could be prevented by basic hygiene, such as typhus and cholera. Her improvements were simple but they had an enormous effect: â€Å"She and her nurses washed and bathed the soldiers, laundered their linens, gave them clean beds to lie in, and fed them†3. When she returned to Britain she made a detailed report to the Government setting out what conditions were like and what needed to be done to reduce deaths in the hospitals. Nothing was done, so she tried again, making another statistical report and included in it three new statistical diagrams to make data collated by William Farr more accessible to people who could not get their minds around tables of figures. These were her polar area diagrams or rose diagrams, sometimes also known as ‘coxcombs’. The first showed how many men had died over the two years 1854-5, the second showed what proportions of men had died from wounds in battle, from disease and from other causes, the third showed how the number of deaths had decreased once â€Å"sanitary improvements†4 had been introduced. I decided I would try to recreate the second of these diagrams which is the most complicated and the most shocking. It is called â€Å"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the east†. A copy of it is below: Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 1 Example 6: Student work Figure 1 The basic ideas are very simple. The blue area represents deaths due to disease, the red area represents death due to wounds in battle and the black area represents death due to other causes. I tried to find a copy of the data which this diagram represented, but I had no luck, so I decided to make sure I understood exactly how the diagram was made and to make my own version of some data which I did have to hand. Once I tried to understand the diagram in detail I found there were some problems. The First Problem I wasn’t sure whether the black area in a shape such as this: was supposed to be this area or this area Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 2 Example 6: Student work In other words, were the colours separate, or overlapping? The articles I read didn’t make it clear. O’Connor says that â€Å"The area of each coloured wedge, measured from the centre as a common point, is in proportion to the statistic it represents†5, which makes it seem that all colours are wedged shaped, or sectors, so the colours overlap. However, Lienhard commented that in the November 1854 section â€Å"battle deaths take up a very small portion of each slice†6, which makes it sound as though the slice has three separate portions, and Brasseur says that â€Å"she also divided the areas within each of the wedges to show which portion of the mortality data for that month could be allotted to each cause of death†4. I decided to construct polar area diagrams for a set of data with the colours separate and with the colours overlapping to see if putting theory into practice would make it clearer to me. The data I used was taken from the IB grade distribution statistics for the past 15 years at my own institution. I used the numbers taking Higher Mathematics, Standard Mathematics and Mathematical Studies to be represented by my three colours. I took the old Mathematical Methods course to be the same as Standard Mathematics. To fit 15 sectors into the circle I needed each arc to subtend an angle of 2Ï€ radians at 15 1 2Ï€ Ï€ the centre. The area of each sector would then be A = r 2 = 2 where r is the r Ãâ€" 2 15 15 radius of the sector. Since the area needs to be proportional to the statistic, I needed to 15A and just used a scale which would allow me to draw find the radius, so I used r = a reasonable sized diagram. To create a polar area diagram with overlapping sectors I just used this formula on each of the numbers of students taking the various options. Numbers taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) Higher Studies Standard 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 0 2006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15 Radius ( r ) Higher Studies Standard 2.2 10.7 0.0 4.4 8.5 0.0 6.2 6.9 0.0 5.4 12.2 0.0 6.6 9.0 0.0 6.9 9.8 0.0 4.4 12.2 2.2 4.9 10.0 3.1 4.4 8.5 4.4 4.9 11.8 4.9 2.2 11.6 0.0 3.8 8.7 3.1 6.2 7.9 0.0 7.2 11.8 8.2 6.9 10.5 8.5 Ï€ Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 3 Example 6: Student work I then used a geometric program (GeoGebra) to draw the sectors all with a common 2Ï€ centre, each with an angle of radians, and with the radii as given in the table. I drew 15 the Higher sectors first with the Studies on top of these, and the Standard on top of these. This was the result: Figure 2 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours overlapping) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. The colours are not solid, so where colours overlap there is a different colour. The blue overlapping the brown makes a pink here, and the green overlapping the blue makes a darker green. In 2003 and in 2004 there were an equal number of students taking Higher and Standard so three separate colours cannot be seen on the diagram. Next I worked out the radii needed if the colours were not to overlap. For this I used cumulative areas to work out the radii. R1 = R3 = 15 ( A1 + A2 + A3) 15 A1 15 ( A1 + A2 ) Ï€ , R2 = Ï€ and Ï€ . Radii R2 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 12.9 11.1 9.5 12.7 11.8 9.5 10.0 13.8 12.6 Numbers taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) Higher (A1) Studies (A2) Standard (A3) 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 0 2006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15 R1 2.2 4.4 6.2 5.4 6.6 6.9 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.9 2.2 3.8 6.2 7.2 6.9 R3 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 11.6 10.5 13.6 11.8 10.0 10.0 16.1 15.1 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 4 Example 6: Student work This gave a diagram with Higher numbers at the centre and Standard numbers at the edge, like this: Figure 3 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours separate) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. This diagram is incomplete in that it has not got the dates on it, but I was interested in the basic shape it would make rather than seeing it as a finished article to represent the data. I decided to do the same thing but with Studies in the middle and Higher at the edge to see how different it would look. Figure 4 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours separate) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. This feels very different. The blue section actually looks less significant, to my eye, being put at the edges. This made me think of something else I had read in Brasseur’s article, â€Å"Nightingale arranged these colored areas so that the main cause of death (and the largest sections)—deaths by disease—would be at the end of the wedges and would be more easily noticed.†4 I am sure that Brasseur thought that the colours were separate, and not overlapped. However, comparing my diagrams to Nightingale’s original in Figure 1, I Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 5 Example 6: Student work became sure that she did mean them to be overlapped. I noticed that in the lefthand rose in figure 1 (representing the second year) there is a wedge with blue at the edge followed by a wedge with blue at the edge: Figure 5 A zoom in of part of figure 1 This can happen in a diagram like my figure 2 of overlapping colours, but would be impossible if the colours are separate as in figures 3 and 4. From this I deduced that the colours on the diagram must be overlapping. The Second Problem My diagrams were unlike Nightingale’s ones in that the total area of the sectors in figure 2 represented the total number of students taking the IB at this school over the 15 years. Nightingale’s statistics were rates of mortality. Basically they can be thought of as percentages of soldiers who died, but, as before, when I read through the articles again, I was unsure what they were percentages of. Gill and Gill have table (Table 2) in their article with headings â€Å"No. of soldiers admitted to the hospital† and â€Å"No. (%) of soldiers who died†3. This might suggest that Nightingale was working with percentages of soldiers who were admitted into hospital. Lewi is more definite and refers to the actual statistic of one wedge of the third of Nightingale’s polar area diagrams as follows: â€Å"The mortality during the first period was 192 per 1,000 hospitalized soldiers (on a yearly basis)†9. However, Brasseur refers to the statistic in a wedge of Nightingale’s first diagram as being â€Å"the ratio of mortality for every 1,000 soldiers per annum in the field†4, in other words a percentage of the army actually on duty. I decided to create a polar area diagram to act as an analogy to the possible situations as follows: Nightingale’s data My data Number of soldiers in the army in a month Number of students taking the IB in a year Number of soldiers taken to hospital Number of students taking Maths Studies Number of soldiers dying of wounds Number of students gaining grade 7 Number of soldiers dyin g of disease Number of students gaining grade 6 Number of soldiers dying for other reasons Number of students gaining grade 5 My analogy of drawing a diagram showing the numbers of soldiers dying as a percentage of those admitted to hospital would then be the number of students gaining a grade above 4 as a percentage of those taking Mathematical Studies. I decided to do this one by hand, partly to prove I could, and partly to see if it would throw any extra light on the construction of the diagrams. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 6 Example 6: Student work I gathered the data, found the percentages and used the percentages as A in the usual 15A to find the radii needed to construct the diagram. The data is here: formula r = Ï€ Numbers gaining top three grades in Mathematical Studies As percentage of those taking Studies Radius required for each Taking Total Grade 7 Grade 6 Grade 5 Studies in year % grade 7 % grade 6 % grade 5 R7 R6 R5 1995 7 10 4 24 25 29.16667 41.66667 16.66667 11.80 14.10 8.92 1996 2 9 3 15 19 13.33333 60.00000 20.00000 7.98 16.93 9.77 1997 1 4 2 10 18 10.00000 40.00000 20.00000 6.91 13.82 9.77 1998 5 12 11 31 37 16.12903 38.70968 35.48387 8.78 13.60 13.02 1999 2 6 7 17 26 11.76471 35.29412 41.17647 7.49 12.98 14.02 2000 3 4 7 20 30 15.00000 20.00000 35.00000 8.46 9.77 12.93 2001 3 8 8 31 36 9.67742 25.80645 25.80645 6.80 11.10 11.10 2002 1 8 4 21 28 4.76190 38.09524 19.04762 4.77 13.49 9.54 2003 0 1 8 15 23 0.00000 6.66667 53.33333 0.00 5.64 15.96 2004 3 9 7 29 34 10.34483 31.03448 24.13793 7.03 12.17 10.74 2005 1 11 9 28 29 3.57143 39.28571 32.14286 4.13 13.70 12.39 2006 2 4 5 16 21 12.50000 25.00000 31.25000 7.73 10.93 12.22 2007 1 8 3 13 22 7.69231 61.53846 23.07692 6.06 17.14 10.50 2008 0 3 17 29 54 0.00000 10.34483 58.62069 0.00 7.03 16.73 2009 0 5 5 23 48 0.00000 21.73913 21.73913 0.00 10.19 10.19 And the diagram came out like this: Figure 6 Polar area diagram to show percentages of students taking Mathematical Studies who gained grades above 4 Red represents the number of students gaining grade 7. Blue represents the number of students gaining grade 6. Green represents the number of students gaining grade 5. The purple areas represent coinciding numbers of students gaining grade 5 and 6. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 7 Example 6: Student work One thing which I learnt from this exercise is that you have to be very careful about your scale and think through every move before you start if you don’t want to fall off the edge of the paper! It is a far more tense experience drawing a diagram by hand because you know that one slip will make the whole diagram flawed. A computer slip can be corrected before you print out the result. My admiration for Florence Nightingale’s draftsmanship was heightened by doing this. The other thing which drawing by hand brought out was that, if you draw the arcs in in the appropriate colours, the colouring of the sectors sorts itself out. You colour from the arc inwards until you come to another arc or the centre. The only problem came when two arcs of different colours came in exactly the same place. I got around this problem by colouring these areas in a totally different colour and saying so at the side. At this point in my research someone suggested some more possible websites to me, and following these up I found a copy of Nightingale’s second diagram which was clear enough for me to read her notes, and a copy of the original data she used. The first of these was in a letter by Henry Woodbury suggesting that Nightingale got her calculations wrong and the radii represented the statistics rather than the area.7 The letter had a comment posted by Ian Short which led me to an article by him8 giving the data for the second diagram and explaining how it was created. The very clear reproduction of Nightingale’s second diagram in Woodbury’s letter7 shows that Miss Nightingale wrote beside it: â€Å"The areas of the blue, red and black wedges are each measured from the centre as the common vertex†. This makes it quite clear that the colours are overlapped and so solves my first problem. She also wrote â€Å"In October 1854 & April 1855 the black area coincides with the red†. She coloured the first of these in red and the second in black, but just commented on it beside the diagram to make it clear. The article by Short8 was a joy to read, although I could only work out the mathematical equations, which were written out in a way which is strange to me ( for example â€Å"$$ ext{Area of sector B} = frac{pi r_B^2}{3}=3$$†8 ) because I already knew what they were (The example had a sector B in a diagram which I could see had 1 2Ï€ 2 Ï€ 2 = = areaB rB rB ). The two things I found exciting from this article were the 2 3 3 table of data which Nightingale used to create the second diagram, and an explanation of what rates of mortality she used. She described these as follows; â€Å"The ratios of deaths and admissions to Force per 1000 per annum are calculated from the monthly ratios given in Dr. Smith’s Table B†4 and I had not been able to understand the meaning of this from the other articles. (Brasseur adds that â€Å"Dr. Smith was the late director-general of the army.†4). Using Short’s article I was able to work out what it meant. I will use an example of data taken from the table in Short’s article, which is in turn taken from â€Å"A contribution to the sanitary history of the British army during the late war with Russia† by Florence Nightingale of 18598. In February 1855 the average size of the army was 30919. Of these 2120 died of ‘zymotic diseases’, 42 died of ‘wounds & injuries’ and 361 died of ‘all other causes’. This gives a total of 2120 + 42 + 361 = deaths. 2523 2523 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 8 Example 6: Student work 2523 81.6003 men died per 1000 men in the army in Ãâ€"1000 = 30919 that month. If the size of the army had stayed at 30919, with no more men being shipped in or out, and the death rate had continued at 81.6 deaths per 1000 men per month over 12 months, the number of deaths per annum would have been 81.6003 Ãâ€"12 = 979.2 per 1000 men in the army. In other words 979.2 deaths per 1000 per annum. out of 30919 means that This understanding of the units used allowed me to finally understand why O’Connor says of the death rate in January 1855, â€Å"if this rate had continued, and troops had not been replaced frequently, then disease alone would have killed the entire British army in the Crimea.†5 The number of deaths due to disease in January 1855 was 2761 and the 2761 average size of the army was 32393. This gives a rate of 1022.8 Ãâ€"1000 Ãâ€"12 = 32393 deaths from disease per 1000 per annum. Another way of looking at it is that if 2761 had dies each month from disease, 2761Ãâ€"12 = 33132 would have died in 12 months, but there were only 32393 in the army! As an aside, I noticed that O’Connor quoted the mortality rate for January 1855 as â€Å"1,023 per 10,000 being from zymotic diseases†5. Another example that we should not trust everything we see in print. Having sorted this out I was ready to attempt my recreation of figure 1. I decided to do the right hand rose only, covering April 1854 to March 1855. The following table shows the data taken from Short’s article in blue and my calculations in black: Average Wounds size of Zymotic & Z/S*1000*12 Radius W/S*1000*12 Radius O/S*1000*12 Radius (Az) (Aw) (Ao) for army diseases injuries Other for for Month (S) (Z) (W) (O) (1 d.p.) Zymtotic (1 d.p.) Wounds (1 d.p.) Other Apr-54 8571 1 0 5 1.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 7.0 5.2 May-54 23333 12 0 9 6.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 4.2 Jun-54 28333 11 0 6 4.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.1 Jul-54 28722 359 0 23 150.0 23.9 0.0 0.0 9.6 6.1 Aug-54 30246 828 1 30 328.5 35.4 0.4 1.2 11.9 6.7 Sep-54 30290 788 81 70 312.2 34.5 32.1 11.1 27.7 10.3 Oct-54 30643 503 132 128 197.0 27.4 51.7 14.1 50.1 13.8 Nov-54 29736 844 287 106 340.6 36.1 115.8 21.0 42.8 12.8 Dec-54 32779 1725 114 131 631.5 49.1 41.7 12.6 48.0 13.5 Jan-55 32393 2761 83 324 1022.8 62.5 30.7 10.8 120.0 21.4 Feb-55 30919 2120 42 361 822.8 56.1 16.3 7.9 140.1 23.1 Mar-55 30107 1205 32 172 480.3 42.8 12.8 7.0 68.6 16.2 Az is the death rate per 1000 per annum from disease, Aw is the death rate per 1000 per annum from wounds and Ao is the death rate per 1000 per annum from other causes. For 2Ï€ Ï€ this diagram there are 12 divisions so each sector has an angle of = and an area of 12 6 12A 1Ï€ 2 Ï€ 2 . r = r . So for each radius r = Ï€ 26 12 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 9 Example 6: Student work I will show my final polar area diagram side by side with Nightingale’s original version: Figure 7. Nightingale’s original â€Å"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the east† and my recreation. I have to admit that I felt rather proud once I had done this! However, looking at the September 1854 wedge I realised that the two diagrams didn’t correspond. In Nightingale’s original diagram I can see that there are more deaths from other causes than from wounds. In my version there are fewer deaths from other causes than from wounds. All other versions of the original in other articles I looked at ( Gill and Gill3, Brasseur4, O’Connor5, Woodbury7, Riddle10, Small11, Lienhard6) are as the original, but the table in Short definitely shows fewer deaths from other causes than from wounds8. Conclusion I started out to try to lean how to recreate the polar area diagram which Florence Nightingale made to communicate to other people just how bad the situation was in army hospitals. This diagram shouts a need for reform. Look at it. The blue represents deaths which could be avoided with a bit of organisation and care. The red represents deaths due to the actual battles. Florence Nightingale had copies of her report containing her diagrams published at her own expense and sent them to doctors, army officers, members of parliament and the Queen. Following her persistent lobbying a commission was set up to improve military barracks and hospitals, sanitary codes were established and procedures were put in place for more organised collection of medical statistics4. It is a very shocking picture with a huge snowball of social change behind it. It has been an exciting adventure to drill down to a real understanding of its construction. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 10 Example 6: Student work However, the biggest lesson I have learnt from this research is that you can’t trust what you read. As I have argued in the main text, I am moderately sure that Brasseur thought the colours of the second diagram did not overlap4, I think O’Connor got his death rates wrong for January 18555, and I think Short may have transcribed the data incorrectly for September 18548. According to Brasseur, Florence Nightingale cross checked her data and was systematic about addressing objections to her analysis4. Everyone can make mistakes, and errors can propagate if we just quote what someone else says without looking for corroboration. I have been left with a desire to find out more about this tenacious woman who wouldn’t let society mould her into a genteel wife. Also, if I ever get the chance, I would like to get a look at one of the 2000 copies of â€Å"Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Effiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. Founded Chiefly on th e Experience of the Late War† which Florence Nightingale had published in 1858, to see the actual table of data and check the numbers for September 1854. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 11 Example 6: Student work References/Bibliography 1.Duthie, Eric ed. The Children’s Book of Famous Lives.Odhams Press Ltd, London 1957 2. Du Garde Peach, L. Florence Nightingale. Wills & Hepworth Ltd, Loughborough, 1959 3. Gill, Christopher J. and Gill, Gillian C. Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined Center for Internatinal Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, viewed 26th July 2009 4. Brasseur, Lee, Florence Nightingale’s Visual Rhetoric in the Rose Diagrams. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 161-182, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 2005, viewed 26th July 2009 5. O’Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F., Florence Nightingale. viewed 26 July 2009 6. Lienhard, John H., Nightingale’s Graph, The Engines of Our Ingenuity. 2002 viewed 26th July 2009 7. Woodbury, Henry, Nightingale’s Rose. American Physical SocietyLaunches Dynamic Diagrams Redesign of Physical Review Letters, January 9, 2008, 4:05 pm, filed under Information Design, Visual Explanation View ed 30 July 2009 8. Short, Ian, Mathematics of the Coxcombs. November 5th, 2008 viewed 30th July 2009 9. Lewi, Paul J. Florence Nightingale and Polar Area Diagrams, Speaking of Graphics. 2006 < www.datascope.be/sog/SOG-Chapter5.pdf> viewed 26th July 2009 10. Riddle, Larry, Polar-Area Diagram. 2006 , viewed 26th July 2009 11. Small, Hugh, Florence Nightingale’s statistical diagrams. Presentation to Research Conference organized by the Florence Nightingale Museum St. Thomas’s Hospital, 18th March 1998 viewed 26th July 2009 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material

Batman Versus The Dark Knight Essay

Batman Versus The Dark Knight Essay Batman Versus The Dark Knight Essay Lauren Anglin August 30,2013 APSU 1000 â€Å"Saints At The River Essay† There are many tragic events that occur every day all over the world. One tragedy was the accidental drowning of a young girl who was vacationing with her family in South Carolina. Now, there were two sides of opinion going around about the incident, two different points of view from separate people, and one decision that ultimately had to be made. Clearly, the one decision that had to be made was whether to disturb the rivers natural state, and violate the Scenic Rivers Act of 1978to get Ruth’s body out of the encircling rapids of the Tamassee River, or leave it alone. Ruth’s parents naturally want their daughter’s body out of the river. However, it is not that easy to get what they want when they want it in a situation like this one. Luke Miller and his band of followers will do just about anything to protect the river from being disrupt from its natural state. As all these feelings and opinions are flying around about Ruth and the river, lots of emotion begin to rise up more and more. The conflict would best be meditated to only take into consideration the two main sides which the argument came about. Sometimes it is very difficult to please both sides of an argument and somehow come to a resolution meeting in the middle. I would say, especially in a touchy situation such as this one, the resolution would either leave the girl’s body in the Tamassee, or figure out a way to retrieve her not allowing a change in laws or policies in order to get her body out without degradation of the river. In my personal opinion, I think the best way to resolve both sides of the argument would be to ensure a solution that obtains the girl’s body without altering the river. The river needs to stay free of commercialization and degradation of its natural beauty, but sympathy must be given to the Kowalsky family in that their daughter cannot be forgotten. Their daughter should be removed from the Tamassee. The best available option easily seems to be the portable dam. There were strict

No More Conventional Antonyms

No More Conventional Antonyms No More Conventional Antonyms No More Conventional Antonyms By Maeve Maddox One of the innovations of Newspeak, the version of English used by the totalitarian government in Orwell’s dystopic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, was the elimination of antonyms. A writer at the Oxford Dictionaries site explains: By choosing which words the populace can use, The Party can choose to shift thought in a more positive or negative direction to suit their needs;  ungood, for example, makes the populace feel less negative than  bad  would In 2015, some of the populace seem to be choosing to add un- to adjectives like good and rich rather than look for conventional antonyms: The Rich Are Less Ethical Than the Unrich [A Resort] Like Palm Springs, only for unrich people The government is clearly pandering to the masses, i.e. the unrich people. Few fanfic writers actually write good stories. Some are unrealistic, unplanned, ungood stories.   I was all set to move to Erdington until last night [when] I found some  ungood stories about the area I will be living in. In the end, the good outweighed the  ungood and Im happy I chose this  place. Ill be traveling light when it comes time for me to cross, when I cross†¦ This unwide road†¦ (song lyrics) . Abercrombie Fitch chief executive Mike Jeffries [issued] a half-baked apology for his incendiary comments on why the unthin, the unyoung and the unbeautiful dont belong in AF clothes. As a stylistic device, words like unthin and unbeautiful can be used to humorous effect. Adding un- to words in an effort to obscure meaning or avoid thought, on the other hand, is not an option for writers who wish to be taken seriously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?Prepositions to Die With

Is unity among Christians important Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is unity among Christians important - Essay Example Today, many Christians follow the footsteps of St. Paul, preaching unity, while some cherish the freedom that the division provides. The question is: is unity among Christians important? Is reunion possible among the various Christian churches? This essay seeks to answer this question. Discussion The Christian church has faced the threat of schism even in the apostolic era. The struggle for position of authority was known among the apostles even when Jesus Christ was with them. After his ascension, the early church struggle with the interpretation of the gospel. Thus struggle for power and doctrinal conflicts are the foundation of division among Christians. Given that these two factors are human, it will be very difficult to achieve unity among Christians as long as the churches are run by humans. The major obstacle to unification of churches is the lack of license of religious opinion that will follow such unification (Smith, 1912). This obstacle follows from the two factors respons ible for disunity among Christians. In a modern society like ours, where freedom is cherished, most individuals will like to interpret the Bible in their own way in addition to assuming leadership position.

Human Resources Management. Basic knowledge Essay

Human Resources Management. Basic knowledge - Essay Example The process of globalization influences both public and private sectors of economy. It does not influence business under the conditions of competition produced by adding new participants to the market; this process promotes benchmarking as the best mean of developing business. For instance, the experts in UK are worried with the fact that specialists from the USA and the rest of Europe occupy leading positions in various companies or institutions of public sector. (Hunter et al.) These changes that affect competitive environment and working background forced human resource management reconsider its significance and roles, and adopt its functions to the demands of the present day. The process of reconsidering and revaluation of the HR role shows that the changes have already started, and this process slowly goes on. There are no investigations, reflecting the stages of the process, but the specialists speak about some significant points that indicate progressive nature of the process. In the middle of 90s HR professionals defined the process of changes that in the sphere of HR. Dave Ulrich is one of them. Some of his writings are devoted to this question and the nature of evolution that occurred in the sphere of HR during last fifteen years. He draws new roles in the sphere of HR. ... This function also includes watching relations among employees and establishing a new role to keep performance on high level - the role of employee champion. One more significant role is given to change agent, who should be occupied with the obstacles that may disturb successful business development and with the ways of keeping the business course on right direction. (Ulrich, 2005) In the article "Role Call" Ulrich provides a comparison of the roles in the process of changes, examining how the nature and purpose of each role changed within recent years. He enumerates the following roles that were relevant to the sphere of HR at the beginning of the 90s: "coach, enabler, advocate, change agent, initiative leader, employee champion, business partner, HR leader, strategist, rapid deployment specialist, internal consultant, operational supporter, knowledge facilitator, thought leader, competency professional, client relationship manager and even human capital steward and manager of firm infrastructure." (Ulrich, 2005) At first, he suggested changing the terms defining the specialists, as the essence of their work and functions changed. Employee champion - employee advocate and human capital developer As it has been said above, he provided a framework showing the changes that occurred within these roles. The first of them is shift from the role of employee champion to employee advocate and human capital developer. To say more precisely, this role divided into two separate roles. Here is the definition of "employee champion" provided by Ulrich in one of his previous works: "Employee champions listen and respond to employees and find the right balance between demands on employees and resources available

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country Essay

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country - Essay Example demonstrates how Native American were able to pursue different strategies as they went through difficult experiences but were able to uphold their legacy Colin Calloway writes that, "The Revolution marked an emphatic divergence between the Cherokees and their colonial neighbors as the warriors of both societies "took control of the path. This illustrate the lateness that was at hand because the Cherokee involvement in the revolutions was not a simple sign but it proved a powerful, durable and the same time usable image. The clamor kept on growing especially in the 19th century on how to remove the Cherokees from their only remaining lands, although there were the strong peace efforts emanating from the village headsmen way back before the war, during the war, combined role that was played by the Chota as well as the new societies which were built from the outcome ruins of the war were not listened to but ignored. All this was in the favor of what was termed as memory of Cherokee antagonism in the revolution. Therefore, the Cherokee had the responsibility again to begin afresh the practice of rebuilding their lives and homes past Miss issippi. When the fighting came to an end due to the revolution it was very difficult for the Cherokees because they were like orphans, they were without a place completely in the universe. Because of the repercussion of the war, their population was affected drastically which led to serious drop of about 10,000 in number only and at the same time lost their homelands which was estimated to be around three-quarters as well as hunting grounds and towns were destroyed. The revolutions grouped lower towns to be Chickamauga while those who remained neutral kept on dividing the Cherokee. Their cultural framework was affected so much which disrupted the harmony which existed amongst the Cherokee wellbeing in relation to their spiritual world. This caused a lot of disorder everywhere. Thousands of Cherokees were forced under prevailing

Analysis of the Star Wars Films

Analysis of the Star Wars Films A change in the force When I think of the term A Heros Journey the first image that comes to mind is Luke Skywalker standing proudly holding an outstretched lightsaber pointing to the stars with Princess Leia kneeling at his feet clutching a blaster as depicted on the cover of the 1978 movie Star wars IV: a New Hope. Like millions of other children, this film was, unknowingly, my first introduction into the idea of heroic archetypes. It was a story of a heros awakening and the struggle between the forces of light and dark, with glorious space battles, cocky space pirates and a pretty princess. I would watch the VHS tape multiple times a day. It had a very profound impact on my young mind and although the concept was used many times before, its sci-fi themed setting was more than enough to attract the attention millions of other kids and adults alike. It is well documented that George Lucas was heavily inspired by joseph Campbell (1904-1987) and his work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). In this Campbell outlines what he calls the heros journey; this is a motif of adventure and personal transformation that is used in nearly every cultures mythical framework. This is mirrored in A New Hope where in act one of the heros journey we meet Luke Skywalker who lives on the desert planet of Tatooine and works on his uncles moisture farm. It is soon after we learn of Lukes dreams of becoming a pilot but is bound by his obligations to his uncle to help with the harvest which will be ripe soon. When he receives the message contained within the R2-D2 droid from a princess in obvious distress it serves as his call to adventure and inspires his first steps on his journey which will lead him to Obi Wan Kenobi, his future mentor. Luke initially denies the call only changing his mind when his family and home are destroyed, only then accepting the first stage of his journey which is to rescue the princess. The second act is generally when the hero meets allies, enemies, undergoes life and death conflict and completes the main task in his journey. This can be seen when Luke and Ben enlist the services of rogues Han and Chewbacca and experience their first confrontation with the evil empire. As Luke escapes Tatooine in search of the princess on the planet Alderaan it is truly the beginning of his journey as he ventures into space on his quest. Luke receives training from Obi Wan and bonds with Han during this time and eventually meets the princess by the end of act two. Luke is also portraying similar characteristics of the epic hero during this time, starting in his humble beginnings as a farm boy to completing a task meant only for him and displaying many ideals of the epic hero such as morals, strength, faith, intelligence and bravery. While all these characteristics are vital to fulfil the epic hero role, it is faith that Luke must find in the force before he can truly achieve his heroic status. When Luke and the crew of the Millennium Falcon are captured by the death star, the audience is unsure if they will succeed in escaping and weather they rescue the princess along the way. Of course our hero finds the princess and achieves the goal while nearly being killed along the way. Luke escapes the death star and his task is achieved. Over the course of the second act Luke begins to displayÂÂ   the qualities of an epic hero, Luke is seen as morally positive intelligent man, optimistic about his mission and displays strength and bravery in a number of ways. His faith in the mystical force also develops as he preservers to continue forward after the death of his mentor Obi Wan. In the third act Luke displays what he has learnt over the course of his journey. It is only then that the hero can gain the true reward -in Lukes case this is knowledge. Lukes final task is to aid in the destruction of the Death Star and will only return if his mission is a success otherwise he will be killed and his journey will be over. During the final assault Luke displays growth as a hero, his belief in the force and his alliance with friend Han Solo further shows his hero status. Luke uses his new knowledge gained from his journey and the force to destroy the Death Star and save the rebel alliance from total destruction. It is at this point Luke Journey comes to an end for a New Hope but is continued by Lucas over the course the trilogy, this even continues into the latest instalment, The Force Awakens released in 2015. Although I have focused on Lukes role up until this point is also important to note the other archetypes present in The Star Wars movies.Firstly is Han Solo who is possibly the most beloved character in the original trilogy. This is mostly because of his bad boy image and that he is a cynical anti-hero figure and a bit of a cowboy who relies mostly on courage and the use of his blaster to escape tight situations. He is an independent and strong character as his name SOLO would suggest. In the first film Han can be seen as a shape shifter, perceived by the main character as someone he is unsure of trusting. Hanss intentions are hidden as well as his loyalties as he doesnt want to care about the rebellion or their struggle against the empire. He only wants to care for himself and problems directly affecting him. In the final moments of the battle at the end of Episode IV Han comes to Lukes aid and ends up joining the struggle with the rebels. Hanss journey is more about learning to car e for others rather than just about himself, this journey continues throughout the second and third films as Han the proven warrior now learns to love. Han is accompanied through the trilogy by his trusty companion Chewbacca. It is common for a hero to befriend a beast along the way as this helps the hero to be reminded of the natural world. Lukes main companions include the droids C3PO and R2-D2. They mostly serve comic relief and the everyman archetype. They react to situations much like the audience would if they were thrown into the action. They cower and flee from danger but are also the heralds who issue challenges to the hero as well as announce the coming of change in the heros future. R2-D2 also serves as the Catalyst of the story. He is passionate and helpful, and is completely dedicated to the cause, he delivered the first call to arms to Luke and eventually accompanying him to his next stage of training with the last remaining Jedi master Yoda. Yoda, similar to Obi Wan before him is the old man mentor archetype, although he also embodies multiple archetypes also. When Yoda first meets Luke in the swamps of Dagobah, he is the trickster who is pretending to be a senile old creature, later it is revealed that he is a threshold guardian who is protecting the wisdom and secrets of the Jedi order until the hero proves himself worthy of such gifts. These secrets also contain the truth about Lukes family and the eventual downfall of his father, Anakin Skywalker. Yoda is also represents the oracle that possesses the ability to see beyond the present to future possibilities. Lukes father Anakin Skywalker experiences a true Visionaries arc throughout the series. From a simple slave on Tatooine to becoming one of the last Jedi knights, he remained committed to the order until a vision of his dying mother and death of his beloved wife lead him to the dark side only to be reborn as the tyrannical Darth Vader. Vader is committed to the vision of the empire and remains its most staunch supporter until the undeniable force of change returns him to the light side of the force. This happens as a result of this long lost son Luke who he sacrifices himself to save from the emperor and herald in a new era in the process, which would be led by his children Luke and Leia. Princess Leia represents the feminine in the otherwise male dominated Star Wars universe. In the original trilogy she is firstly depicted as a damsel in distress who is captured by the empire and has to be rescued by the heros. She then reveals herself to be a warrior as she fights to escape the Death Star. Later in the series she takes on a leadership role in the rebel alliance and also a romantic role with Han Solo. In the final film of the original trilogy she is revealed to be the twin sister of Luke Skywalker, thus becoming a female counterpart to Luke with the same strength and potential he has. Leia and her mother Padme are also good examples of what may be perceived as gender bias in the original and prequel trilogies. Aside from these characters the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female characters. Similar to the society we live in, the Star Wars universe is predominantly patriarchal with characters such as Luke Skywalker and Obi Wan Kenobi garnering more attention with the female characters usually taking a back seat to the action when they are around. Characters such as Luke and Obi Wan show qualities such as loyalty, integrity and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, while the females are mostly submissive with very few opportunities to be heroic themselves. While the male characters mostly fill the role of the archetypal male hero that the audience is used to seeing, they do have some differences. Han Solo for example is good looking, adventurous with a bad boy attitude while at the same time being irresistible to the opposite sex. Luke Skywalker is also adventurous but is different in that by the end of the original trilogy does not win the girl and forgoes the stereotype of ladies man in favour of the serious hero with a solemn nature similar to the samurai found in the Kurosawa films that originally inspired Lucas. The Jedi from the prequels follow much the same archetypes, female Jedi are present in these movies but are mostly relegated to the background in scenes with no input of value coming from them during the course of the movies. Female villains are also noticeably missing from the films and females in general and are nowhere to be found in the ranks of the Galactic Empire, with the addition to the noticeable lack of alien creatures as well. Although, this may have been a product of the times of the original films production as women in general would not be viewed as legitimate villains. Regardless of the real reasons for this the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female heroes and villains alike. also worth noting is that the female characters do little to further the cause of the heros and will often get in the way, requiring the heros take time to rescue them. Leia may be an exception to this; she is the most influential female character by far in the Star Wars universe and after the release of Episode IV in 1977 lead to a noticeable uprising in strong female leads in film. Two years later we would see possibly the most heroic female character ever, Ellen Ripley appears in the hit horror movie Alien. With Linda Hamiltons Sarah Connor furthering the cause in 1984s The Terminator a few years later. How much influence Princess Leia had over these characters is easy to see. Leia is headstrong and cocky and when we are first introduced to her she is perceived by the audience as an authority figure being no way over sexualized. Even in the face of her captures she is fearless which is uncharacteristic of the damsel in distress idea. Episode IV is basically a story about a princess who needs to be rescued from the villains stronghold. Women are seen to be on a lower threshold than men and require rescuing as they cannot do so themselves, interestingly, as soon as the male heroes rescue Leia, she takes control of the situation telling the heroes what to do, even rescuing them in the process. At one point she even takes the weapon from Luke to open up a pathway to escape. When they finally escape the Death Star, Leia is also the only one to realise that their escape may have been too easy with the real reason being that they would be used to track the location of the rebel bases. As part of the Rebellion, Leia is also regarded as an authority figure. She orders the all-male rebel pilots around throughout the original trilogy. She is seen as an important and influential strong female protagonist.ÂÂ   Gwendolyn Glover, a noted feminist blogger writes, I know that for many, Princess Leia is a sex symbol. The unattainable and perfect woman. For me, Princess Leia is my feminist icon. She was my first (and pretty much only) female role model for feminism. In a male dominated universe, she stood out as a force to be reckoned with. Tough, smart, and outspoken, she typified everything that I wanted to be,(Glover, 2009). Leias role in Episode IV does a lot for female protagonists in the film industry. With the release of Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 Leias character conforms more to the traditional female character roles seen up until then in film. Her romance with Han Solo is a stark contrast to her disinterest in the male leads in the first film and she quickly becomes useless for the majority of the film. In the first 15 minutes of Episode V Han is required to rescue her from the crumbling ruins of the rebel base on Hoth while she displays fear of rodents and requires a male to kill them for her. Which all seems out of place for such an independent character who, in the previous film required none of this attention from her male counterparts and spends the majority of this film falling in love with one of them. One scene in particular stands out in Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. When Leia is confronted by Han, she is backed into a corner and asked about her true feelings, the male character takes her hands preventing her escape. The scene ends as she succumbs to her feelings and passionately kisses her capture. This scene can easily be construed as disturbing as it may teach men that borderline violent behaviour or intimidation is a viable way to a womans heart. This trend continues in Episode VI: Return of the Jedi when after rescuing Han from Jabba the Hutt, Leia is herself captured and forced to wear a gold bikini and lie at the foot of Jabbas bed with a collar around her neck, waiting to be rescued by a man. in this we see leias change from the first film where she is dresses from head to toe in white to the final film where we see her practically naked creating one of the most iconic images of male fantasy ever to be seen on the big screen. After she is rescued by Luke she succeeds in killing Jabba (who resembles a giant phallus) with the chain that was previously used to hold her. Towards the end of the film, Leia redeems herself by saving Hans life by shooting attacking Stormtroopers in the films final battle. Thus, although Leia conforms to the traditional gender roles, she does project some positive traits throughout the course of the original trilogy. With the release Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens in 2015, popular culture was still lacking adequate female representation and role models. When a woman was cast as the lead character in the latest instalment of the Star Wars Saga it was a regarded as a big deal. Rey, played by Daisy Ridley was both a protagonist and a hero, she has no romantic interests, wears combat outfits and fights villains just like Anakin and Luke in the trilogies before her . Starting out as a scavenger on Jakku she combines some of the best traits of Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa and Han Solo and is both a relatable and believable female lead which is rare to see in films even today. This leads to breaking the stereotype which is present in the earlier films and reinforces the gender balance. Young girls growing up with these new films will have a role model to look up to, while boys will see Rey as a hero regardless of gender. Rey, and her companion Finn mirror well-known initiation myths from mythology: While Finn draws from various Biblical folktales and Celtic myths, Reys story is a updated version of one of the oldest myths, The Epic of Gilgamesh, while adding a feminist interpretation (Glen Robert Gill, 2016). Reys struggle with the main villain Kylo Ren, who is later revealed to be the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, resembles mythic themes of relations and rivalries between siblings. Although Reys lineage is kept secret from the viewer, the idea that she is a Skywalker would make perfect archetypal sense. When we are introduced to Rey we quickly realise she will follow much of the same traits as J.J. Abrams previous leading female characters such as Jennifer Garner of Alias and Anna Torv of Fringe. Rey is a solitary hero who resides in the desert. Her name evokes ideas of light or solar heroism (Ray) and royalty with Rey meaning King in Spanish. Rey however starts at the bottom of the social hierarchy unlike Gilgamesh. While stranded on the planet Jakku we see her scavenging parts from crashed Imperial ships as a means to survive which may be a forecasting of her future as a rebel. Rey is an inverted feminist version of Gilgamesh that will have to be trained and moulded with the martial tradition of the Jedi order to become a Jedi and possibly even becoming immortal during the course of the new films. Rey is also an orphan similar to Finn that reminds us of many female examples such as Daenerys Targaryen from Game Of Thrones, Jane Eyre or even Annie.ÂÂ   This can have special feminine implications as the search for her family is not just about parental affirmation but also about overcoming social vulnerabilities and inequities. Similar to the first meeting between Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu, the first time Rey and Finn meet they begin fighting and arguing with each other, only to later find a common purpose. Just as Rey is an inverted feminist Gilgamesh, Finn is an inverted version of Enkidu, Enkidu can be seen as a representation of the natural or uncivilized side of humanity. As Finn is spurred to escape the soulless structure of the First Order to the natural environment of the Resistance by the cold toughness of Captain Phasma, who is the negative projection of the maidenly anima. Phasmas chrome covered armor projects the mythological idea of the mirror, as this symbolizes self-contemplation and self-examination. As Finn and Rey grow closer as friends, we see in them less as deserters (Finn deserted the First Order, Rey was deserted on the desert planet by her family) but an updated version of the archetypal friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The friendship that develops between Rey and Finn during The Force Awakens reminds us that friendships born in the midst of battle do not need to be exclusively masculine, and do not have to be endorsed or convoluted by a romantic element. When Rey and Finn escape the planet Jakku they are introduced to Han Solo and Chewbacca, the original trilogys version of the same archetypal characters. Han Solos return also brings with it the Jungs archetypal figure the wise old man. Just like Obi-Wan Kenobis role to Luke in A New Hope, Han becomes a mentor figure to our main characters. Han also affirms the existence of the Force to Rey in the exact same location on board the Millennium Falcon as Obi-Wan Kenobi tutored Luke. Soon after our four heroes meet they must work together to escape gangsters who are attempting to capture Solo, the archetypal significance of this is found in the pursuing groups destruction by the hideous rathtars that escape their cages during the course of the action, these snake-tentacled creatures are reminiscent of the mythical Medusa that is itself a demonic incarnation of the yonic symbol that Freud called the vagina dentata(Leah12. 2012) In relation to Reys journey, this can be seen as a parallel of Gilgameshs battle with the monstrous Humbaba. In a archetypal sense monsters are generally projections of the negative self or extensions of the viewers self-image, it is also worth noting that while Gilgamesh decapitates his monster in an egoistic search for prestige, Rey only dismembers her monster to aid her companion, Finn. It is also notable that during Reys martial induction, she generally only uses her developing abilities for defence and enemy persuasion just as the Jedi code demands, and only time she is openly aggressive is when Finn is cut down during his battle with Kylo Ren in the films climax. Rey is basically the 21st century version of Luke Skywalker, a young 20 something character who is possibly the last hope for the Jedi order. Early in the film when Rey first meets Finn and they are fleeing from pursuing Stormtroopers, Finn repeatedly reaches for Reys hand to aid in her escape. Rey snaps at him I know how to run without you holding my hand. She also outmatches the main villain Kylo Ren both mentally and physically during the course of the film. One of the more notable scenes involves Han Solo recognising that Rey is somebody who can handle herself, in one scene in particular he offers to show Rey how to use a blaster to which she replies I think I can handle myself, his agreement reminds the viewer of how Leia saved his life at the end of Episode VI. He then continues to approve of her proficiency without coming across a patronising, even offering her a job alongside him and letting her fly his beloved Millennium Falcon. Rey is also an example of the young, maidenly aspects of Jungs term anima, which describes the archetypal feminine. Like much of Abrams previous work it shows an understanding that the anima does not need to be a companion or object of the masculine self which presumes the perspective of the audience, instead being a representation of that perspective. It has also been claimed that Reys character is whats described as a Mary Sue type anima archetype (Zulai Serrano, 2015), which claims the character can do no wrong, making her a character too unrealistic for some viewers. The rich feminine dimension of The Force Awakens makes itself very apparent with the first appearance of the droid BB-8, who serves as Reys heroic token just as R2-D2 served as Lukes. The figure eight body shape of BB-8 resembles that of theNeolithic Venus, which contrasts against the small phallic structure of R2-D2. BB-8 is what is called ayonic symbol, this is the archetypal image of female embodiment (the chassis of BB-8 houses the reward of the quest which is the map to finding the missing Luke Skywalker, this can also be seen as a sort of rebirth for the character in the process). As stated earlier, the original trilogy had only one main female character and although the Prequels had more female characters their representation was even worse, even going as far as to have Padme (Leias mother) dying of a broken heart in Episode VI. The new film takes steps to address this by having several women in key roles. General Leia is the leader of the resistance and has been allowed to age gracefully on screen, she is seen as the role of leader while still being a mother figure throughout. Over the course of the films Leia has moved from a Princess to a General and from a lover to a leader of the Resistance. Leia also functions independently without either Luke or Han which is very different than the last time we seen her in Return of the Jedi. Leia also conforms to the mature pole of the anima archetype, named by Jung as theGreat Mother. This marks a major archetypal change for Leia from the original trilogies, where she often functioned as the pure aspect of the anima, a role now taken by Rey. Leia still remains a positive representation of the anima as she continues to oppose the negative aspects of the anima, which Jung calls theTerrible Mother. This figure is not represented by one character in particular but by a vast destructive power such as the Death Stars of A New Hope and The Return of the Jedi, and its most recent incarnation Starkiller base in The Force Awakens. Where the Great Mother supports and upholds, similar to what Leia does, the Terrible Mother consumes all, as shown in the Death Stars ability to destroy planets from afar. We are also introduced to the character of Maz Kanata an old, wise mother figure who has been referred to as a female Yoda. It is Maz who gives Rey Luke Skywalkers lightsaber and Awakens the force in her. The fact that this character has been given Yodas role is very noticeable and can be seen as a major step in the gender balance issue. To a lesser extent Captain Phasma as a woman under the Stormtrooper suit is completely new to the Star Wars universe. It is also the first time we see female pilots at the controls of the X- wings during the final assault on Starkiller base which was unheard of before the release of the film. The Force Awakens is a game changer in many respects. It honors and updates the themes and tropes fans expect to find in the Star Wars universe by reiterating and reinterpreting compelling characters and symbology from known mythology. While still retaining its traditional values and fearlessly putting a female character such as Rey as the main protagonist and keeps a healthy mix of old and new characters that continue to transcend their archetype roles. The The Force Awakens can also be seen as more of a reboot than a sequel that builds on the best elements from the previous films and what it promises in the future.Whether the story of the Skywalker family continues throughout the course of the new trilogy is still to be determined but with the inclusion of Rey as the hero a new generation of fans (Male or Female) will look up to promises to bring us in new, fascinating directions. References Andrew Yang. (2015). The Archetypes Of Star Wars . Available: https://www.archetypes.com/the-archetypes-of-star-wars/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. Glen Robert Gill. (2016). Star Wars: The Force Awakens: An Archetypal Review. Available: http://brightlightsfilm.com/star-wars-the-force-awakens-archetype-gilgamesh-joseph-campbell-hero-mythic-myth-deepens/#. Last accessed 13th Jan 2017. Gwendolyn Glover. (2011). Women Role Models. Available: http://anna-reinertson.livejournal.com/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. John Paul Pianka. (2013). 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